Soft robotics, Continuum manipulators, Compliant actuation, Smart functional materials, Modeling andcontrol, Bio-inspired design
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Journal of Bionic Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (1): 55-98.doi: 10.1007/s42235-025-00819-0

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A Decade of Soft Robotic Manipulators: Advances in Design, Modeling, Control, and Emerging Challenges

Elsayed Atif Aner1,2, Omar M. Shehata3, Mohammed Ibrahim Awad2, Nancy E. ElHady2   

  1. 1 Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering Department, Facultyof Engineering, Egyptian Russian University, Badr11829, Egypt
    2 Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty ofEngineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
    3 Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty ofEngineering and Materials Science (EMS), GermanUniversity in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo, Egypt
  • Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-03-17
  • Contact: Elsayed Atif Aner1,2 E-mail:alsayedatif88@gmail.com; elsayed.aner@eru.edu.eg
  • About author:Elsayed Atif Aner1,2, Omar M. Shehata3, Mohammed Ibrahim Awad2, Nancy E. ElHady2

Abstract: Soft robotic manipulators represent a rapidly evolving field characterized by inherent compliance, adaptability, and safeinteractions within unstructured environments. Over the past decade (2015–2025), significant advancements have transformed their capabilities through novel designs inspired by biological systems, advanced modeling frameworks, sophisticated control strategies, and integration into diverse real-world applications. Recent innovations in multifunctional materials and emerging actuation technologies have markedly expanded manipulator performance, reliability, and dexterity.Concurrently, developments in modeling have progressed from simplified geometric methods toward highly accuratephysics-based and hybrid data-driven approaches, substantially improving real-time prediction and controllability. Coupledwith these developments, adaptive and robust control strategies–including learning-based techniques–have enabled unprecedented autonomy and precision in challenging application domains such as Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS), precisionagriculture, deep-sea exploration, disaster recovery, and space missions. Despite these remarkable strides, key challengesremain, notably regarding scalability, long-term material durability, robust integrated sensing, and standardized evaluationprocedures. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent advances, critically evaluates state-of-the-art methodologies,and systematically identifies existing gaps to provide a clear roadmap and targeted research directions, guiding futuredevelopments toward the broader adoption and optimal utilization of soft robotic manipulators.

Key words: Soft robotics, Continuum manipulators, Compliant actuation, Smart functional materials, Modeling andcontrol, Bio-inspired design')">Soft robotics, Continuum manipulators, Compliant actuation, Smart functional materials, Modeling andcontrol, Bio-inspired design