Abstract: Parameter extraction of photovoltaic (PV) models is crucial for the planning, optimization, and control of PV systems.　Although some methods using meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed to determine these parameters, the robust-ness of solutions obtained by these methods faces great challenges when the complexity of the PV model increases. The unstable results will affect the reliable operation and maintenance strategies of PV systems. In response to this challenge, an improved rime optimization algorithm with enhanced exploration and exploitation, termed TERIME, is proposed for robust and accurate parameter identification for various PV models. Specifically, the differential evolution mutation opera-tor is integrated in the exploration phase to enhance the population diversity. Meanwhile,a new exploitation strategy incor-porating randomization and neighborhood strategies simultaneously is developed to maintain the balance of exploitation width and depth. The TERIME algorithm is applied to estimate the optimal parameters of the single diode model, double diode model, and triple diode model combined with the Lambert-W function for three PV cell and module types includ ing RTC France, Photo Watt-PWP 201 and S75. According to the statistical analysis in 100 runs, the proposed algorithm achieves more accurate and robust parameter estimations than other techniques to various PV models in varying environ mental conditions. All of our source codes are publicly available at https://github. com/dirge1/TERIME.

Key words: Photovoltaic modeling')">Photovoltaic modeling, RIME algorithm, Optimization problems, Meta-heuristic algorithms, Stability