Catalase-powered nanorobots, Enzyme-driven propulsion, Drug delivery system, Targeted therapy, Biomedical nanotechnology
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Journal of Bionic Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (1): 34-54.doi: 10.1007/s42235-025-00812-7

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Catalase-powered Micro/Nanorobots: Propulsion Mechanisms and Biomedical, Environmental, and Industrial Applications

Jitendra Gupta1, Abdulla Ahmed Al-dulaimi2, Mudher Kadhem3,4,5, Irfan Ahmad6, S. Renuka Jyothi7, Rajashree Panigrahi8, Indu Singh9,10, Surbhi Singh11, Nafaa Farhan Muften12, Yasser Fakri Mustafa13   

  1. 1 Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University,Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
     2 College of Nursing, University of Al Maaref,Al Anbar 31001, Iraq 3 College of pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
     4 Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratorytechnique college, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah,Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
     5 Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratorytechnique college, The Islamic University of Babylon,Babylon, Iraq 6 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College ofApplied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha,Saudi Arabia 7 Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School ofSciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore,Karnataka, India
     8 Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha’O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar,Odisha 751003, India 9 Department of Pharmacy Graphic, Era Hill University,Dehradun, India
     10 Centre for Promotion of Research, Graphic Era Deemed tobe University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India 11 Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, ChitkaraUniversity Institute of Engineering and Technology, ChitkaraUniversity, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India 12 Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, MazayaUniversity College, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
     13 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College ofPharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
  • Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-03-17
  • Contact: Jitendra Gupta1, Abdulla Ahmed Al-dulaimi2 E-mail:jitendra.1976.guptaa@gmail.com; J.gupta941@gla.ac.in, abdullah.ahmed@uoa.edu.iq
  • About author:Jitendra Gupta1, Abdulla Ahmed Al-dulaimi2, Mudher Kadhem3,4,5, Irfan Ahmad6, S. Renuka Jyothi7, Rajashree Panigrahi8, Indu Singh9,10, Surbhi Singh11, Nafaa Farhan Muften12, Yasser Fakri Mustafa13

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Abstract: Micro/nanorobots represent a groundbreaking advancement in nanotechnology, with applications spanning medicine, environmental remediation, and industrial processes. A major challenge in their development is achieving efficient and biocompatible propulsion. Enzyme-driven propulsion, particularly using catalase, offers a promising solution due to its abilityto decompose hydrogen peroxide (H?O?) into water and oxygen, generating thrust for autonomous movement. Comparedto metal-based catalysts, catalase-powered systems exhibit superior biocompatibility and lower toxicity, making themideal for biomedical applications. This review explores the role of catalase in micro/nanorobot propulsion, highlightingself-propulsion mechanisms, different nanorobot types, and their applications in drug delivery, infection treatment, cancertherapy, and biosensing. Additionally, recent advancements in biodegradable enzyme-powered nanorobots and their potential in overcoming biological barriers are discussed. With further research, catalase-driven nanorobots could revolutionizetargeted therapy and diagnostic techniques, paving the way for innovative solutions in nanomedicine.

Key words: Catalase-powered nanorobots, Enzyme-driven propulsion, Drug delivery system, Targeted therapy, Biomedical nanotechnology')">Catalase-powered nanorobots, Enzyme-driven propulsion, Drug delivery system, Targeted therapy, Biomedical nanotechnology

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